Technological+Factors_Blue+Revolution

//__**What is the Blue Revolution? **__//
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 * It is the rapid expansion of intensive, commercial aquaculture
 * Came in a decade after the Green Revolution (1970s; chemical-based agriculture)
 * Increase global food production and reduce widespread hunger
 * By 1985, international aid agencies were pumping $200 million a year
 * From 1975 – 1985, world aquaculture output had doubled
 * Refers to the remarkable emergence of aquaculture as an important and highly productive agricultural activity

__//**What is Aquaculture? **//__

 * Also known as aquafarming
 * Defined as the establishment of man-made enclosures to raise aquatic life forms, such as shellfish, fish, and sea weeds, for human consumption purposes
 * Aquaculture refers to all forms of active culturing of aquatic animals and plants, occurring in marine, brackish, or fresh waters
 * Cultivation of aquatic populations under controlled environments

**__//Importance of Aquaculture //__**

 * 20% of the world’s total animal protein intake is from seafood(higher in coastal communities)
 * Most pearls sold come from pearl aquaculture farms

__//**Advantages**//__:

 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%;">Generates export revenue that can be used to pay foreign debt
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%;">Contributed to the growth of large-scale export-oriented agribusiness enterprises in developing nations
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%;">Allows natural populations of fish to reproduce while farmed-raised versions are being used for food
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%;">Intensive commercial aquaculture is relatively efficient – beef cattle require 7 pounds of grain to produce 1 pound of meat; catfish require 1.7:1
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%;">Economic value of fish is high, hence potential profits to be gained by cultivating in large quantities
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%;">Fish are given supplement for:
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%;">Faster growth = increased output
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%;">Colour of meat (e.g. Salmon) = Aesthetically more pleasing
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%;">Antibiotics
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%;">These lead to increase in supply and export

__//**<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%;">Disadvantages **//__

 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%; line-height: 29px;">Chemical additives like antibiotics and special feed are administered into aquaculture cages, which may contaminate the surrounding waters
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%; line-height: 29px;">Fish have less health benefits due to injection of hormones
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%; line-height: 29px;">Fish in captivity might escape and establish themselves in new habitat, competing and degrading native species
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%; text-align: left;">As fish are grown very closely together, they are very disease-prone, which not only affect fish output, but other marine life as well
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%;">As intensive, commercial aquaculture is very costly, only those who have enough capital to invest in commercial aquaculture actually benefit from it; Poorer farmers do not have sufficient capital
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%; line-height: 29px;">Generated steady flows of polluted wastewaterand contributed to the decline of wild fisheries (Average salmon farm produces a volume of effluent equal to a town of 40,000 people)
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%; line-height: 29px;">Polluted wastewater caused by artificial feed,chemical additives and antibiotics and reduces drinking water
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%; text-align: left;">Triggers‘red tides’ outbreak and pollutes the foreshore with waste - an explosive growth oftoxic algae that can kill fish and fatally poison people who eat contaminated seafood
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%;">New aquaculture techniques resulted in an explosive expansion of coastal shrimp aquaculture throughout developing nations in Asia and Latin America
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%; line-height: 29px;">Destruction of thousands of hectares of mangrove forests, which protected shorelines from erosion and were the nurseries for thousands of marine organisms

__//**<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%;">Winners & Losers **//__

 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 29px;">Wealthy companies and commercial farmers benefit from aquaculture
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 29px;">Commercial companies buy poor farmers’ land cheaply
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 29px;">Poor subsistence farmers did not benefit as they relied on small ponds for local consumption – commercial farming destroyed thousands of hectares of mangrove forest

__//**<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%;">Result of aquaculture **//__

 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 29px;">In 1987 Taiwan became the largest prawn producer in the world. A year later disease struck and production dropped by 70 per cent. The industry never recovered.

**//__<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%;">Challenges faced: __//**
<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%;">//Over-fishing// //:// <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%; text-align: left;">//Bycatch://
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 29px;">Fishing activities reduce fish stocks below an acceptable level
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 29px;">Lead to resource depletion
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 29px;">Modern fishing gear allow more intensive fishing
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 29px;">Accidentalcatch of non-target species such as sharks, turtles, seabirds
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 29px;">More than 46000 pieces of plastic litter / mile 2
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 29px;">6kg of marine litter to 1kg of plankton

=**//__<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 29px;">DEFINITIONS: __//**= //<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%; text-align: left;">**Over-fishing:** // <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%; text-align: left;">Is threatening the sustainable supply of this valuable resource and wreaking havoc on fish populations and ecosystems alike. Modern fishing gear now allows more intensive fishing in areas of the oceans that were previously inaccessible. //<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%; text-align: left;">**Bycatch:** // <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%; text-align: left;">The accidental catch of non target species such as sharks, turtles and seabirds is pushing many of them to the brink of extinction. //<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%; text-align: left;">**Pollution:** // <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%; text-align: left;">Is another marine menace. More than 46,000 pieces of plastic litter are floating on every square mile of ocean today. In the Central Pacific, there are up to 6 kg of marine litter to every kilogramme of plankton. The oceans not only help regulate global climate, but are extremely vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Coral reefs and mangroves are also affected. =__//**<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%;">Case study: Japan(Examples) **//__= =//__**<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%;">Case study: Bangladesh **__//= =**//__<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 29px;">PROS OF BLUE REVOLUTION: __//**= =__//**<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 29px;">CONS OF BLUE REVOLUTION: **//__=
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 29px;">First to recognise era of hunting fish was ending
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 29px;">World’s largest marine aquaculture industry
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 29px;">Before 1939: 76,000 tons / year,By 1987:1,100,00 tons/year
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 29px;">Along coastlines, Japanese farm fishes with high market value
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 29px;">Disease and pollution problems emerging
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 29px;">Fish waste and uneaten fish food accumulate at bottom of sea
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 29px;">Sludge below cage sites > 30cm
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 29px;">Stifles growth of aquatic organisms and worsen water quality
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 29px;">‘Red tides’
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 29px;">Thousands of farmers have suffered from the invasion of their ricelands by aquaculture owners
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 29px;">Destruction to their rice crops by seepage of salt water from the shrimp ponds
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 29px;">Shrimp owners bought their rice farmers’ infertile lands very cheaply, rendering them landless. One study estimated that 300,000 people were displaced from their farmlands by in the Stakhiraregion
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 29px;">Disputes between farmers and aquaculture owners have often led to violent clashes
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 29px;">Reduces strain of commercial fishing on wild marine population.
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 29px;">Increased seafood production through use of technology in fish farming.
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 29px;">Ensures a steady suply of seafood.
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 29px;">Stabilises the price of seafood.
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 29px;">Poor fish farming practices lead to problems such as:
 * 1) <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 29px;">Escaped farmed fish, which pose a biological threat to wild fish populations.
 * 2) <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 29px;">Discharge of nitrogen, phosphorous and waste matter into the sea, which pollutes the marine environment.
 * 3) <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 29px;">Introduction of antibiotics and other chemicals into the sea, which affect marine organisms and harm people who eat contaminated seafood.
 * 4) <span style="color: #000080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 29px;">High set-up and maintenance costs restricts adoption of blue revolutionto wealthy fish farmers

=**// DONE BY:Sara,Amanda,Kennedy,ZiShu,YuShi and Chen Yun:) //**=